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Writer's pictureEinar Páll Svavarsson

Rivers in Iceland and

Updated: Jul 8

The meeting place of the river Jökulsgilskvísl and Tungnaá

Iceland, a country known for its breathtaking landscapes and natural wonders, is truly a land of water abundance. With hundreds of rivers and possibly thousands of creeks, brooks, and streams meandering through its rugged terrain, Iceland stands out as a water-rich nation. Its water resources, encompassing cold and hot sources, surpass those of many other countries. I love to take photos of the many different rivers in Iceland.


A powerful glacial river in the southern part of Iceland
A powerful glacial river in the southern part of Iceland

Water for 350 million people?

A comprehensive report published by the University of Iceland a few years back highlighted the remarkable potential of Iceland's water as a natural resource. The report suggested that Iceland could theoretically meet the water needs of a country with a population as large as 350 million people. To put this into perspective, this would be equivalent to providing the entire United States with its water requirements. What makes this even more astounding is that this could be achieved without resorting to methods like drilling or tapping into underground water sources; simply harnessing the water that naturally flows on the ocean's surface could suffice.


Or possibly 900 million people

Moreover, beneath Iceland's surface lies a network of underground rivers that remain unseen, flowing silently towards the sea. These hidden waterways hold immense potential, with estimates suggesting that Iceland could potentially cater to over 900 million people by utilizing the water coursing beneath its surface.


Rivers are also photogenic
Rivers are also photogenic

Water is our wealth

These findings present a stark contrast to the global scenario where water scarcity is a pressing issue in numerous countries. In a world where water resources are increasingly strained, Iceland's abundance of water reserves serves as a beacon of hope and a testament to the country's unique natural endowment.


A small creek in the Highland in Iceland
A small creek in the Highland in Iceland

Some of our most powerful rivers converted to electricity

Compared to the colossal rivers found in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia, the rivers in Iceland may seem relatively small in size. However, what these Icelandic rivers lack in sheer volume, they make up for in power and significance. The majority of the larger and more potent rivers in Iceland have their origins in the Highland region, contributing to the country's abundance of hydroelectric potential. This unique geographical feature has led to the development of numerous infrastructure projects, such as dams and power plants, in these remote areas of Iceland.


Converting water into wealth

The strategic location of these rivers has played a crucial role in shaping Iceland's energy landscape. The abundance of flowing water has allowed Iceland to harness its natural resources effectively, providing its population with reliable access to electricity. This self-sufficiency in power generation has positioned Iceland as a leader in renewable energy utilization, with a significant portion of its electricity coming from hydroelectric sources.


A highly controversial river project in the Highland in Iceland
A highly controversial river project in the Highland in Iceland

Also controversial

Over the past century, Icelanders have undertaken ambitious initiatives to capitalize on their rivers' energy potential by constructing dams and hydroelectric power plants. While these projects have undoubtedly bolstered Iceland's energy independence and economic development, they have also sparked intense debates and political controversies. Many critics argue that these large-scale interventions in nature have disrupted local ecosystems and landscapes, leading to concerns about environmental sustainability and conservation.


Sustainable energy

Despite the ongoing debates surrounding the environmental impact of these projects, the role of Icelandic rivers in powering the nation's progress cannot be understated. Iceland's abundant rivers serve as a crucial renewable energy source, playing a significant role in the country's energy mix. The harnessing of hydropower and geothermal energy from these rivers has not only enabled Iceland to meet a substantial portion of its energy needs but has also positioned the nation as a global leader in sustainable energy production.


Markarfljót river in its early stages in the Highland
Markarfljót river in its early stages in the Highland

The intricate relationship between Iceland's rivers, energy infrastructure, and societal development underscores the complex interplay between human activities and natural resources in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. The utilization of these natural resources has not only driven economic growth and technological advancement but has also shaped the social fabric of Icelandic society. The development of hydroelectric and geothermal power plants along the country's rivers has created employment opportunities, stimulated local economies, and fostered innovation in the renewable energy sector.


Environmental concerns

Furthermore, the sustainable exploitation of Icelandic rivers for energy production has not come without challenges and controversies. Environmental concerns, such as the impact on aquatic ecosystems, biodiversity, and landscape aesthetics, have sparked debates and raised questions about the long-term sustainability of hydropower and geothermal projects. Balancing the need for clean energy with the preservation of natural habitats and cultural heritage remains a complex issue that requires careful consideration and strategic planning.


In conclusion, while the environmental impact of harnessing Icelandic rivers for energy production is a topic of ongoing debate, the vital role that these rivers play in powering the nation's progress cannot be denied. The symbiotic relationship between Iceland's rivers, energy infrastructure, and societal development underscores the intricate balance between human needs and environmental stewardship in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions.


The rivers that feed the waterfalls

The river Fossá is a beutiful river in the valley Fossárdalur in the East Region
The river Fossá is a beutiful river in the valley Fossárdalur in the East Region

The rivers of Iceland not only serve as vital waterways but also host a spectacular array of waterfalls that add to the country's natural beauty and allure. These cascading wonders are a significant draw for tourists and nature enthusiasts alike, showcasing the raw power and majesty of nature in its purest form. Each waterfall in Iceland holds its own charm and allure, with around 30 to 40 notable ones scattered across the landscape waiting to be explored and admired.


From the thundering giants in glacial rivers to the delicate cascades in spring-fed streams, Icelandic waterfalls offer a diverse range of experiences for visitors. The unique character of each waterfall is intricately tied to the river it flows from, reflecting the distinctiveness of the surrounding landscape and geological features. As visitors marvel at these stunning natural wonders, they are not only witnessing the beauty of the waterfalls but also gaining a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of Iceland's rivers and its people.


The presence of these waterfalls underscores the significance of rivers in Icelandic life, shaping the nation's identity and providing a source of inspiration and admiration for generations. Whether it's the roaring power of a glacial waterfall or the gentle cascade of a spring-fed stream, each waterfall in Iceland contributes to the rich tapestry of the country's natural heritage, making them an essential part of the Icelandic experience.


A river, Markarfljót, is a product of many other streams, rivers and surface water
A river, Markarfljót, is a product of many other streams, rivers and surface water

If you're planning to tour Iceland in a rental car, make sure to read this article about the type of car that would be best for your trip.

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